Norfolk Southern Corp (NSC) stock analysis
Close on Nov 12, 2026Market cap $74.85BP/E 28.0Yield 1.62%
StockData Score
Prices as of Nov 11, 2026How the score works
Mixed11 of 30 checks passed
Norfolk Southern passes 11 of the 30 checks behind our score; 2 could not be run for lack of data and count as not passed. Each dot in the shape is one check — hover it for the numbers.
- Valuation
- 0/6
- Growth
- 0/6
- Past performance
- 5/6
- Financial health
- 2/6
- Dividend
- 4/6
What stands out
Return on equity over 15%
Return on equity was 16.8% over the last twelve months and averaged 19.8% over five years.
Return on capital over 10%
Return on invested capital was 10.2%, above the 10% that usually covers the cost of capital.
Earnings grew over 5 years
Net income grew 7.4% a year on average over the last five fiscal years.
Interest well covered
Operating income covers interest expense 5.2 times.
What to watch
Margin of safety under 20%
The price is 33.9% above fair value, so there is no margin of safety.
Trading above fair value
The share price of $330.59 is above our fair value estimate of $246.96.
High debt
Debt is 99.3% of shareholders' equity, above the 40% we consider low.
Revenue growing under 10% a year
Revenue grew -1.5% a year over the last three fiscal years, short of the 10% we look for.
Valuation0/6
P/E above its 5-year median
Norfolk Southern's P/E of 27.7 is above its own 5-year median of 22.0.
P/E above the industry
Norfolk Southern's P/E of 27.7 is above the Industrials median of 23.5.
EV/EBITDA above its 5-year median
Norfolk Southern's EV/EBITDA of 16.2 is above its 5-year median of 13.6.
P/B above the industry
Norfolk Southern's price-to-book of 4.44 is above the Industrials median of 2.46.
Trading above fair value
The share price of $330.59 is above our fair value estimate of $246.96.
Margin of safety under 20%
The price is 33.9% above fair value, so there is no margin of safety.
Growth0/6
Revenue growing under 10% a year
Revenue grew -1.5% a year over the last three fiscal years, short of the 10% we look for.
EPS growing under 10% a year
Diluted EPS grew -2.8% a year over the last three fiscal years.
Earnings growth not accelerating
Net income grew -9.4% over the last twelve months, against a 5-year average of 7.4% a year.
Growing slower than the industry
Revenue grew 6.0% over the last twelve months; the Industrials median is 7.9%.
Company guidance
No outlook found in earnings releases from the last twelve months.
Gross margin trend
This company does not report gross profit.
Past performance5/6
Return on equity over 15%
Return on equity was 16.8% over the last twelve months and averaged 19.8% over five years.
Return on capital over 10%
Return on invested capital was 10.2%, above the 10% that usually covers the cost of capital.
Return on equity above the industry
Norfolk Southern's return on equity of 16.8% is above the Industrials median of 6.0%.
Earnings grew over 5 years
Net income grew 7.4% a year on average over the last five fiscal years.
Net margin below its 5-year average
Net margin was 20.7% over the last twelve months, against a 5-year average of 22.6%.
Net margin above the industry
Norfolk Southern's net margin of 20.7% is above the Industrials median of 2.5%.
Financial health2/6
High debt
Debt is 99.3% of shareholders' equity, above the 40% we consider low.
Debt rising against equity
Debt to equity rose from 85.7% five years ago to 99.3%.
Debt covered by cash flow
Operating cash flow over the last twelve months equals 22.8% of total debt.
Interest well covered
Operating income covers interest expense 5.2 times.
Short-term assets don't cover short-term debts
Current assets are 0.90 times current liabilities.
Bankruptcy risk in the grey zone
The Altman Z-score is 2.53; above 3 is the safe zone and below 1.8 the distress zone.
Dividend4/6
Pays a dividend
Norfolk Southern paid dividends worth 1.2% of the share price over the last twelve months.
Yield below Treasuries
The 1.2% yield is below the 4.4% on a 1-year Treasury.
Yield below the top quarter
The top quarter of US dividend payers yield 3.8% or more; Norfolk Southern yields 1.2%.
Dividend not cut
The dividend per share has not fallen by more than 10% in any of the last 10 fiscal years.
Covered by earnings
Dividends take 45.2% of net income.
Covered by free cash flow
Dividends take 73.6% of free cash flow.
Fair value
How we estimate itOur estimate per share
$246.96
The share price is 34% above this estimate.
| Method | Multiple used | Own 5Y median | Industry median | Value per share | Weight |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P/E | 22.8× | 22.0× | 23.5× | $271.19 | 40% |
| EV/EBITDA | 13.7× | 13.6× | 13.7× | $268.98 | 35% |
| P/B | 3.4× | 4.3× | 2.5× | $251.14 | 10% |
| Earnings power | 8.7% cost of equity | – | – | $128.18 | 15% |
| Fair value | $246.96 | 100% | |||
Valuation over time
Using the earnings and balance sheet published at each date, not today's.
- P/E at month end
- Own 5-year median 22.0
- Industrials median 23.5
An estimate from reported numbers and market multiples, not a price target or investment advice. It can be far off for companies whose profits are about to change sharply.
Market risk
From the past year of daily prices.
Liquidity
Low risk
- Average value traded per day
- $310.67M
- Value traded per 1% price move
- $336.97M
Downside
Low risk
- Typical loss in a bad month
- 10.8%
- Volatility (annualized)
- 22%
- Sharpe ratio, 1 year
- 0.50
- Beta to the S&P 500 (5Y)
- 0.77
Typical bad-month loss, week by week
Margins
Share of revenue, fiscal years 2011 to 2025
Operating margin
Net margin
Growth rates
Compound annual growth to fiscal 2025
| Per year | 1 year | 3 years | 5 years | 10 years | Five-year pace |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Revenue | +0.5% | -1.5% | +4.5% | +1.5% | |
| Operating income | +7.0% | -3.2% | +7.7% | +4.2% | |
| Net income | +9.6% | -4.2% | +7.4% | – | |
| EPS, diluted | +10.2% | -2.8% | +10.2% | +9.6% | |
| Free cash flow | +29.1% | -1.7% | +0.1% | +15.2% | |
| Dividend per share | 0.0% | +2.9% | +7.5% | +8.6% |
Returns and balance sheet
10 fiscal years. Hover a measure to see how it is calculated.
| Measure | FY2016 | FY2020 | FY2025 | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Return on equity | – | 13.4% | 19.2% | |
| Return on assets | – | 5.3% | 6.5% | |
| Current ratio | 0.98 | 1.07 | 0.85 | |
| Debt to equity | 0.82 | 0.86 | 1.10 | |
| Net debt to EBITDA | 2.29× | 2.78× | 2.71× | |
| Interest coverage | 5.3× | 4.8× | 5.5× | |
| Capex to revenue | 19.1% | 15.3% | 18.1% | |
| Diluted shares | 296M | 257M | 225M |
Where the cash went
Fiscal 2021 to 2025, five years combined
Norfolk Southern generated $20.07B from operations and spent $23.84B on capital expenditure, dividends and share buybacks. 43% of that went back into the business.
DuPont analysis
Return on equity split into margin, efficiency and leverage
| Fiscal year | Net margin | Asset turnover | Equity multiplier | Return on equity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FY2025 | 23.6% | 0.27× | 2.98× | 19.2% |
| FY2024 | 21.6% | 0.28× | 3.15× | 19.4% |
| FY2023 | 15.0% | 0.30× | 3.16× | 14.3% |
| FY2022 | 25.7% | 0.33× | 2.93× | 24.8% |
| FY2021 | 27.0% | 0.29× | 2.69× | 21.1% |
| FY2020 | 20.6% | 0.26× | 2.53× | 13.4% |
| FY2019 | 24.1% | 0.30× | 2.43× | 17.8% |
| FY2018 | 23.3% | 0.32× | 2.27× | 16.8% |
| FY2017 | 51.2% | 0.30× | 2.45× | 37.6% |
Piotroski F-Score
Nine tests of profitability, balance sheet and efficiency, fiscal 2025 against fiscal 2024
- ProfitableNet income above zero$2.87B
- Cash generatingOperating cash flow above zero$4.36B
- Return on assets improvedROA up on the prior year6.3% → 6.6%
- Earnings backed by cashOperating cash flow above net income$4.36B vs $2.87B
- Less leverageLong-term debt to assets fell38.1% → 36.4%
- Better liquidityCurrent ratio rose0.90 → 0.85
- No dilutionShare count did not rise226M → 225M
- Gross margin improvedGross margin up on the prior year– → –
- More efficientAsset turnover rose0.29 → 0.28
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